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英语写作中应当避免性别歧视

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英语写作中应当避免性别歧视wXa易文君-文库范文网

  近四十年来,尽管非性别歧视语还没有达到非不可的程度,但它毕竟已进人日常会话和写作的主流之中。随便翻开一张英美的报纸,或瞧一下五花八门的宣传广告,就会发现supervisor(工头,领班)替代了原来的foreman, workman‘s compensation(工人赔偿金)变成了worker‘s compensation; sales rep, sales associate或seller(推销员)取代了常用词salesman等。为此,笔者将有关资料整理如下,供英语学习者参考。请注意,所选用的例句,除个别注明外,均选自rosalie maggio编写的the nonselist word finder: a dictionary of gender-free usage (maggio, 1989)。wXa易文君-文库范文网

  1.尽量不用通性代词he,除了明确地指代一个男性人物时,都要设法避免使用之。可以根据语境需要,选用下列替换方式:wXa易文君-文库范文网

  1)采用复数形式wXa易文君-文库范文网

  sexist: when bathing a baby, never leave him unattended.wXa易文君-文库范文网

  revised: when bathing babies, never leave them unattended.wXa易文君-文库范文网

  给婴儿洗澡时,一定不能让他们无人照料。wXa易文君-文库范文网

  2)用we/us/our改写原句wXa易文君-文库范文网

  sexist: from each according to his abilities, to each according to his needs.wXa易文君-文库范文网

  revised: from each of us according to our abilities, to each of us according to our needs.wXa易文君-文库范文网

  各尽所能,按需分配。wXa易文君-文库范文网

  3)改用第二人称、wXa易文君-文库范文网

  sexist: no man knows his true character until he has run out of gas, purchased something on the installment plan and raised an adolescent.wXa易文君-文库范文网

  revised: you don‘t know what your true character is until you have run out of gas, purchased something on the ! installment plan and raised an adolescent.wXa易文君-文库范文网

  只有当汽车大的油用光了,按分规付款方式购物和抚养大一个孩子时,人的本来品性才会显露出来。wXa易文君-文库范文网

  4)改用被动语态wXa易文君-文库范文网

  sexist: one who, when he has the choice of two evils, chooses both.wXa易文君-文库范文网

  revised: one who, when given the choice of two evils, chooses both.wXa易文君-文库范文网

  一个在两种恶行之中要作出选择就两者都选的人。wXa易文君-文库范文网

  5)完全省略代词wXa易文君-文库范文网

  sexist: what a person thinks of after he becomes a departee?wXa易文君-文库范文网

  revised: what a person thinks of after becoming a departee?wXa易文君-文库范文网

  一个人离去后,会作何感想呢?wXa易文君-文库范文网

  6)用冠词替代wXa易文君-文库范文网

  sexist: can a critic give his opinion of an omelet without being asked to make one?wXa易文君-文库范文网

  revised: can a critic give an opinion of...?wXa易文君-文库范文网

  评论家议论煎蛋时难道到非要他去自己煎鸡蛋吗?wXa易文君-文库范文网

  7)用someone, one, the one, no one等替代wXa易文君-文库范文网

  sexist: he who can take advice is sometimes superior to him who can give it.wXa易文君-文库范文网

  revised: someone who can take advice is sometimes superior to the one who can give it.wXa易文君-文库范文网

  接受忠告者有时胜过发出忠告者。wXa易文君-文库范文网

  8)使用he and she或his and her,但使用的次数不宜太多。s/he仅可用于备忘录(memos), 便条(notes), 或者非正式的交谈之中。wXa易文君-文库范文网

  9)用名词或上下文中用过的同义词替换wXa易文君-文库范文网

  sexist: to find a friend one must close one eye - to keep him, two.wXa易文君-文库范文网

  revised: to find a friend, one must close one eye - to keep a friend, two.wXa易文君-文库范文网

  想找朋友;就得睁一只眼,闭一只眼;想留住朋友,就得双眼都闭上。wXa易文君-文库范文网

  2.尽量使用那些包括两性在内的词,即无性别之分的词(gender-free words),wXa易文君-文库范文网

  例如: child, teacher, officer(警官),people, worker, immigrant(移民),voter(投票者,选民), coach(教练),church member(教友), sale rep(推销员),grand parent(外/祖父或祖母),leader, evening student, employee (雇员),testee(考生,应试者),engineer,customers(顾客), dealer(交易者,商人),clerk(职员,办事员),civilian(平民),scientist, operator(接线员,办事员),patriot(爱国者),person, planner(策划者,计划者), politician(政客), producer(生产者、制造者), tutor(家庭教师,导师,[美国]助教),reporter,writer,chief executive(首席行政长官),everybody, expert等.wXa易文君-文库范文网

  3、如非特指男性或女性,尽量用同义词或近义词替换含有-girl, -woman, -wife, -man后缀的词,例如:wXa易文君-文库范文网

  calendar girl(月份牌上的美女像)-calendar model 挂历模特wXa易文君-文库范文网

  call girl(应召女郎)--prostitute妓女wXa易文君-文库范文网

  cover girl(杂志封面女郎)--cover model封面模特wXa易文君-文库范文网

  flag girl(女司旗手)--flag bearer司旗手,执旗员wXa易文君-文库范文网

  flower girl(卖花女)--flower seller卖花人wXa易文君-文库范文网

  housewife(家庭主妇)--house worker(家务工人)wXa易文君-文库范文网

  midwife(接生婆)--birth attendant(助产士)wXa易文君-文库范文网

  showgirl(舞女,歌女)--dancer(伴舞者)wXa易文君-文库范文网

  chairman(主席)--chair, head(主席,头头)wXa易文君-文库范文网

  ring man(赌/赛马者)--bettor; gambler(赌马者,赌博者)wXa易文君-文库范文网

  seaman(海员,水兵)--sailor; navigator; mariner pilot, captain 水手,航海者,船员,领航员,船长wXa易文君-文库范文网

  spokesman (发言人) -speaker; representative, voice; press agent 发言人,代表,wXa易文君-文库范文网

  right-hand man(得力助手) --right hand; deputy; assistant; helper 得力助手,副手,助理,助手wXa易文君-文库范文网

  4.写信时,如果不知道收信人的性别,最好不要使用传统的dear sir; dear gentleman, dear madam. 可以选用下列之一:wXa易文君-文库范文网

  1) dear friends of the library(亲爱的图书馆的朋友们)wXa易文君-文库范文网

  2)dear madams and sirs(亲爱的女士们及先生们)wXa易文君-文库范文网

  3) dear personnel officer(亲爱的人事处长)wXa易文君-文库范文网

  4)dear committee member(亲爱的委员)wXa易文君-文库范文网

  5)dear citizen(亲爱的公民)wXa易文君-文库范文网

  6)dear customer(亲爱的顾客)wXa易文君-文库范文网

  7) dear councilor(亲爱的参议员,或顾问)wXa易文君-文库范文网

  8)dear agent(亲爱的代办)wXa易文君-文库范文网

  9)dear director(亲爱的厂长或局长;主任;)wXa易文君-文库范文网

  5.尽量少引用含有通性词man; men的引语,如果非引用不可,下列处理办法可供选择:wXa易文君-文库范文网

  1)不直接引用,把引语进行释义wXa易文君-文库范文网

  sexist: w. phillips said: "the best use of laws is to teach people to trample bed laws under their feet."wXa易文君-文库范文网

  revised: w. phillips suggested that the best use of law is to teach people to trample bad ones under their feet.wXa易文君-文库范文网

  w·菲利普斯说:“行使法律的最好办法是教导人们把不好的法律踩在脚下。"wXa易文君-文库范文网

  2)使用[sic](原文如此)让读者意识到原文中的man使用得不大恰当。例如:wXa易文君-文库范文网

  w. phillips said: “the best used laws is to teach men[sic] to trample bad ones under their feet.”wXa易文君-文库范文网

  3)对上述引语,也可只引用其中的一部分,例如:wXa易文君-文库范文网

  w. phillips said the best use of laws was to teach people "to trample bad laws under their feet”。wXa易文君-文库范文网

  我们赞同rosalie maggio所讲的话:wXa易文君-文库范文网

  “it is also necessary to acknowledge that there can be no solution to the problem of sexism in society on the level of language alone. using the word secretary inclusively, for example, does not change the fact that only 1.6% of american secretaries are men. using director instead of directress does not mean a woman will necessarily enjoy the same opportunities today a man might。wXa易文君-文库范文网

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