第十四章句子的种类(通用2篇)
第十四章句子的种类 篇1
第十四章 句子的种类(一)
英语中的句子可以按其作用或者按其语法结构(即句子的形式)两种标准分类。下面是具体的分类依据和结果。
(1)按其作用或使用目的,句子可分为:
陈述句:this is a truck. 这是一辆卡车。
疑问句:is this a truck? 这是卡车吗?
祈使句:drive the truck away. 把卡车开走。
感叹句:what a big truck it is! 多么大的卡车!
按语法结构,句子可分为:(2)简单句:i am busy. 我很忙。
并列句:i am busy washing, but he is playing majiang with them.
我在忙着洗衣服,但他却在跟他们打麻将牌。
复合句:although i am busy washing, he is playing majiang with them.
尽管我在忙着洗衣服,他却在与他们一块打麻将牌。
一、陈述句:用于说明一件事,表示一种看法或表达某种心情的句子,都是陈述句。陈述句分为肯定陈述句和否定陈述句。
1肯定句
he is a middle school teacher.
他是一位中学老师。(一般现在时)
she is cleaning the room.
她正在收拾屋子。(现在进行时)
they have visited the museum.
他们已经参观过这所博物馆了。(现在完成时)
he did a lot of washing yesterday.
他昨天洗了好多衣服。(一般过去时)
they had already finished quarrelling when i came.
我来时他们已经争吵完了。(过去完成时)
the meeting will begin at once.
会议马上就要开始了。(一般将来时)
2否定句
(1)使用not否定:
he isn't a worker.
他不是个工人。(一般现在时)
she doesn't do the cleaning every day.
她不是每天都做卫生。(一般现在时)
i haven't had my breakfast yet.
我还没有吃早点。(现在完成时)
you didn't do your homework seriously.
你没有认真地做你的作业。(一般过去时)
you mustn't take her to your parents.
你千万不要把她带到你的父母那里去。(情态动词)
she needn't quarrel with him.
她没必要跟他吵。(情态动词)
the house won't be painted.
这所房子将不粉刷了。(被动语态将来时)
she might not notice you.
她可能没有注意到你。(情态动词)
各种时态肯定句变否定句
变成否定句有规则,“是”,“有”“将”后加not,假如没有“是”,“有”,“将”,动词前面加don't(does't/didn't)。
(2)使用not以外的否定词表示否定:
①用no否定:no+名词=not any,表示“一点也不”。
i have no money.(=i have not any money.)
我一点儿钱都没有。
we have no time to do it.(=we haven't any time to do it.)
我们没有时间做这件事情了。
②用never表示否定,语气比not要强烈。
she has never been there.
她从来没有去过那里。
i will never forget him.
我决不会忘记他的。
③few和little分别表示可数名词和不可数名词的否定,含义为“几乎没有”。
jack has few friends here.
杰克在这儿几乎没有朋友。
there's little water in the thermos.
暖瓶里几乎没有水了。
④no one=nobody 无人
no one knows you here.
(=nobody knows you here.)
在这里没有人认识你。
⑤nothing=not any thing 什么都没有
i have nothing to wash today.
今天我没有要洗的东西。
he had nothing to eat that day.
那天他什么东西也没吃。
⑥none of没有任何人;没有任何物(事)
it's none of your business.
这儿没有你的事。(这与你无关。)
none of us have seen the film.
我们谁也没看过这个电影。
⑦含有否定性的副词hardly(几乎不)、seldom(很少)的句子。
i can hardly remember your name.
我几乎想不起你的名字来了。
he seldom has lunch at school.
他很少在学校吃午饭。
⑧“too...to……”(太……以致不……)句型本身具有否定的含义。
it's too heavy for me to carry.
这太重了,我搬不动。
he is too fat to run.
他太胖,跑不动。
必背:记住下列肯定和否定相应的形式:
all--none, no;
both--neither
everyone, each--no one
some--not any, no;
everything-nothing
a few--few
a little-little
something--nothing, not anything;
each, either--neither。
注意:以think和believe为主句谓语的复合句,其从句的否定要 前移至主句的谓语上。例如:
i don't think you are hungry.
我认为你不饿。
we don't believe she will come.
我们相信她不会来的。
二、疑问句
疑问句分为四种:
1一般疑问句:does mr.green come from america?
格林先生是来自美国吗?
2特殊疑问句:what day is it today?
今天是星期几?
3选择疑问句:is he a teacher or a cook?
他老师还是厨师?
4反意疑问句:you agree with him, don't you?
你同意他的意见,是吗?
1一般疑问句
一般疑问句要把各种助动词放在句首,读时用升调,回答以yes和no开始,也可以视情况灵活回答。
--do you work in that lawyer's office?
--no, i don't work there.
--你是在那家律师事务所上班吗?
--不,我不在那儿上班。
--have you finished your homework?
--no, not yet.
--你做完作业了吗?
--还没有。
--shall i bring you a cup of coffee? yes, please.
--我给你拿一杯咖啡来好吗?好吧。
--can you wait here for me for a moment?
--certainly.
--你能在这里等我一会吗?可以。
--must we set off tomorrow?
no, you needn't.
--我们必须明天出发吗?
不,不必。
--will you be able to give me an answer today?
--it's hard to say.
--你今天能答复我吗?
--很难说。
--is the boy's answer correct?
--sorry, i have no idea.
--这男孩的回答是正确的吗?
--对不起,我不知道。
一般疑问句有时也以否定形式出现,用以表示赞赏、责备等带有感情色彩的意思或者表示 提出看法、意见和建议等。
didn't i tell you how to do it?
难道我没告诉你应该怎么做吗?
won't you come to my birthday party?
你难道不会来参加我的生日晚会吗?
hasn't your son grown!
你的儿子又高了一大截!
don't you believe she will get married to that old man?
你难道不相信她会嫁给那个老头?
2特殊疑问句
特殊疑问句的构成有两种:
①疑问代词(作主语)+陈述语序
②疑问代词(非主语)或疑问副词+一般疑问句
特殊问句的朗读用降调,回答时不用yes或no。
常用的疑问代词为who和what;疑问副词有when,where,why,how,how many,how much, how long,how often,how far等等;疑问形容词为which。
①疑问代词(作主语)+陈述语序
who is going to take part in the sports meet of the school?
谁要参加学校的运动会?
who broke the glass of the window?
谁把这个窗户的玻璃打碎了?
what is in the sky?
天上那是什么东西?
what made him crazy on playing football?
是什么让他对踢足球这么着迷?
②疑问代词(非主语)或疑问副词+一般疑问句
who are you looking for?
你在找谁?
what can you see on the screen?
在屏幕上能看见什么?
when will you be back?
你什么时候回来?
where do you usually go for a walk?
你们通常去哪里散步?
why did you refuse to attend that meeting?
你为什么拒绝参加那个会议?
which dictionary do you prefer?
你想要哪一本词典?
how did she get home yesterday?
她昨天是怎么回家的?
how often does he go to see his parents?
他多长时间去看他父母一次?
how much is this pair of shoes?
这双鞋多少钱?
how far is it from the school to your home?
学校离你家有多远?
how heavy are you (is he/she)?
你(他、她)有多重?(或:你(他、她)体重多少?)
whose car is it? it's jack's.
这是谁的车?是杰克的。
巧记特殊疑问句
what 用途真广泛,要问“什么”它当先,(what's this?).问“姓名”“职业”也在前,问“时间”(what's the time?)how开头来"问安",(how are you?)who问"谁",(who's that man?).谁的"whose"来承担.(whose book is this?)询问某地用"where",(where is the book?)"哪一个"which句首站。(which one?)
3选择疑问句
要求对方对两种或两种以上的情况选择其一的问句,叫选择疑问句。
选择问句的两种或多种情况用or连接,语调先升后降,回答时不用yes或no。
选择问句有两种:一般选择疑问句和特殊选择疑问句。
① 一般选择问句
did you solve the problem in this way or (in) that way?
你是用这种还是那种方法解决那难题的?
i did it in that way.
我用那种方法解决的。
is this a horse or a donkey?
这是马还是驴?
it's a donkey.
是驴。
will you come to me or i'll go to your home?
你来找我呢,还是我去你家?
i'll go to your home.
我去找你吧。
②特殊选择问句。
which is longer, the yangtze river or the nile?
长江和尼罗河,哪一条更长些?
when will you go abroad, this year or next year?
你什么时候出国,今年还是明年?
who did you talk to, mr. li or miss wang?
你跟谁谈的,李先生还是王小姐?
4反意疑问句
陈述句之后加上一个与之意思相反的简短问句,这种结构的句子叫反意疑问句。反意问句的 否定句必须用缩略形式,主语必须用人称代词,不能用名词。反意问句的前一部分用降调, 后一部分在表示疑问时用升调,表示强调某种意思时用降调。
1前一部分为肯定式,后一部分为否定式。
(1)be 动词句型的反意问句:
this magazine is yours, isn't it?
这本杂志是你的,不是吗?
your mother was a typiest in this company last year, wasn't she?
你母亲去年在这个公司当过打字员,不是吗?
(2)一般行为动词句型的反意问句:
she likes eating fish, doesn't she?
yes, she does.
no, she doesn't.
她喜欢吃鱼,不是吗?
是的,她喜欢。/不,她不喜欢。
tom drove the car into a tree yesterday, didn't he?
yes, he did.
no, he didn't.
汤姆昨天开车撞在了树上,不是吗?
是的,是撞在了树上。
不,没有。
your parents will come to see you soon, won't they?
yes, they will.
no, they won't.
你父母很快就会来看你的,不是吗?
是的。
不,他们不来看我。
he is sleeping, isn't he?
yes, he is.
no, he isn't.
他在睡觉,是吗?
是的。
不。
he was taken to the headmaster, wasn't he?
yes, he was.
no, he wasn't.
他被带到校长那去了,不是吗?
是的。
不。
you have teld her the news, haven't you?
yes, i have.
no, i haven't.
你已经把这消息告诉他了,不是吗?
是的。
不。
(3)情态动词的反意疑问句:
a dog can swim, can't it?
yes, it can.
no, it can't.
狗会游泳,不是吗?
是的。
不。
you need take some medicine, needn't you?
yes, i need.
no, i needn't.
你需要吃点药,不是吗?
是的,我得吃点。
不,不需要。
注意:need 还可以作为动词使用,这时其疑问部分的谓语要用do。 例如:
you need some medicine, don't you?
yes, i do.
no, i don't.
你需要一些药品,不是吗?
是的。
不。
you'd better go and have a rest, hadn't you?
你最好去休息一会儿,不是吗?
the boy has to do it again, doesn't he?
yes, he does.
no, he doesn't.
这孩子不得不把它重做一遍,不是吗?
是的。
不。
he had to get up early, didn't he?
yes, he did.
no, he did not.
他不得不早起,不是吗?
是的。
不。
注意:动词have作“有”解时,它的反意疑问句两种形式都可以:
she has much homework to do, hasn't she?
(=she has much homework to do, doesn't she?)
她有许多作业要做,不是吗?
当have作其他含义解时,如“吃”,“开会”,“让”等时,只能用do或does来表示。例 如:
the boy has two eggs, a few pieces of bread and a glass of milk, doesn't he?
这个男孩吃了两个鸡蛋、几片面包和一杯牛奶,不是吗?
the had a meeting yesterday, didn't they?
他们昨天开了个会,不是吗?
2前一部分为否定式,后一部分为肯定式。
这一类句子的回答,与汉语习惯有很大不同。回答这种问句,要按照实际情况,而不要考虑 yes和no。如果答案是肯定的,就用yes;如果是否定的,就用no。
you aren't a lawyer, are you?
yes, i am.
no, i am not .
你不是律师,是吧?
不,我是律师。
是的,我不是。
she doesn't enjoy fish, does she?
yes, she does.
no, she doesn't.
她不喜欢吃鱼,是吗?
不,她喜欢吃鱼。
是的, 她不喜欢。
you haven't been to huangshan mountain, have you?
你没去过黄山,是吧?
yes, i have.
no, i haven't.
不,我去过。
是的,我没去过。
you didn't hand in your homework yesterday, did you?
你昨天没交作业,是吗?
yes, i did.
no, i didn't.
不,我交了。
是的,我没交。
反意疑问句的答语
回答反意疑问句,答案含义是依据。肯定事实用yes,否定事实no来替。
3其他类型的反意疑问句。
(1)祈使句的反意疑问句:
①在表示肯定的祈使句后可以加一个简短问句,以使语气听起来婉转、客气,而实际并不存在反意的关系。
have a cup of coffee, will you?
喝杯咖啡,怎么样?
do me a favour, won't you?
请帮我个忙,好吗?
②在let's祈使句后加上“shall we?”或“shan't we?”在“let me(her, him)”后加上“will you?”或“won't you?”。
let's go swimming, shall we?
咱们去游泳,好吗?
let's go and see what's happening, shall we?
让我们过去看看发生了什么事,好吗?
let her sing us a song, will you?
让她给我们唱一首歌,(您说)行吗?
注意:有一类动词,如hate,dislike,disagree等,虽然含有讨厌 、不喜欢、不同意等否定的意思,但仍要按照肯定句来处理。例如:
you dislike biology, don't you?
你不喜欢生物,是吗?
yes, i do.
no, i don't.
是的,我不喜欢。
不,我喜欢。
(2)当前面陈述部分含有表示否定意思的词,如never,hardly,seldom,few,little,nobody,no one,nothing,neither等,后面的疑问部分要用肯定式。
he never help others, does he?
yes, he does.
no, he doesn't.
他从不帮助别人,是吗?
不,他帮助别人。
是的, 他不帮。
no one can do this job, can he (they)?
yes, he (they) can.
no, he (they) can't.
没人能干这活儿,是吗?
不,有人会干。
是的,没人会干。
few students come to his class, do they?
yes, they do.
no, they don't.
很少的学生去听他的课,是吗?
不,有很多人去。
是的,没人去。
反意疑问语的语调
反意问句两语调,升调降调用法妙。加强语气降调用,表示疑问语调升。
(3)陈述部分为主从复合句时,疑问部分的谓语应该与主句谓语一致。
you don't mind if i smoke here, do you?
yes, i do.
no, i don't.
你不介意我在这儿抽根烟,是吗?
不,我介意。
是的,我 不介意。
you never tell me you are a policeman, do you?
yes, i do.
no, i don't.
你从未跟我说过你是警察,是吧?
不,我说过。
是的,没 说过。
注意:如果陈述部分是“i don't think (believe...)+宾语从句”时,疑问部分之中的动词和主语应与宾语从句中的动词和主语保持一致,并用肯定形式 。
i don't think you are successful, are you?
我认为你并没有成功,不是吗?
i don't believe she has cheated you of that sum of money, has she?
我相信她没有骗你那一笔钱,是吧?
(4)陈述部分是“there be”结构时,疑问部分用there而将主语代词省略。
there is something nice on my bed, isn't there?
yes, there is.
no, the re isn't.
我的床上有好东西,是吗?
是的,有好东西。
不,没有。
there won't be any class this saturday, will there?
yes, there will.
no, t here won't.
这星期六没有课,是吗?
不,有课。
是的,没有 。
(5)陈述部分含有不定代词everyone,someone,anyone,no one作主语时,疑问部分主语用 they;陈述部分含有everything,something,anything,nothing时,疑问部分用it。
everyone in your family likes to listen to the music, don't they?
你们家每个人都喜欢听音乐,是不是?
no one knows about it, do they?
没人知道这件事,是吧?
everything here is messy, isn't it?
这里所有的东西都乱七八糟的,是不是?
nothing is necessary now, is it?
现在一切都没有必要了,对吧?
(6)感叹句的反意疑问句:
感叹句的反意疑问句须用be动词的现在时,对人用he或you;对事物用it,疑问部分必须 用否定形式。
what a fine day, isn't it?
多么好的天气啊,是不是?
what a foolish man, isn't he?
多么蠢的家伙,是不是
第十四章句子的种类 篇2
三、祈使句
用于表示请求、劝告或命令的句子,叫祈使句。通常句子中不带主语,谓语动词用原形,句 末用惊叹号或句号,朗读用降调。
1主语为第二人称的祈使句
这一类祈使句的主语是you(受话对象),在习惯上被省略。
肯定形式的祈使句:
(1)句型:动词原形+其他成分(省略主语)
wathch out!
小心!
turn down the tv.
把电视声音调小些!
pay attention to the blackboard, please.
请注意看黑板。
(2)在动词之前加do,以便加强语气。
do attend this meeting, please.
请务必参加这个会议。
do practise this sort of exercises.
务必要多练习一下这类的习题。
do study harder.
务必要更努力地学习。
注意“vbld“,你就会用祈使句“v(动词原形)”结构(动态句)
“b(be)”结构(静态句)
“l(let)”结构(使役句)
“d(don't)”结构(否定句)
(3)为了表示客气,可在句首或句尾加please。(please在句末时,其前要加逗号“ ,”)
sit down, please.
请坐。
speak a little louder, please.
请大一点声音讲话。
pass me the dictionary, please.
请递给我那本词典。
(4)如果祈使句中有呼唤语,必须要用逗号隔开,置于句首或句末都可以。
susan, sing a song for us!
苏姗,给我们唱一首歌!
come here, susan.
过来,苏姗。
(5)否定形式的祈使句:don't+原形动词
don't be nervous!
别紧张!
don't stay in the cup, jerry!
别待在茶杯里,杰瑞!
please don't walk on the grass.
请不要在草地上行走。
don't be late again!
别再迟到了!
注意:“no+动名词”也是常用的表示禁止的形式,尤其多用于标 牌、警语等公共场合。例如:
no parking.禁止停车。
no smoking.禁止吸烟。
no spitting. 禁止吐痰
2主语为第一和第三人称的祈使句
这一类祈使句多以let作为句子的开头。
(1)肯定形式:let+宾格(me, us, him, her, it或名词)
let me help you! 让我来帮你!
let's do it together. 咱们一起干。
let him try again. 让他再试一次。
let them go! 让他们走!
注意:let's包括对方,而let us不包括对方。这一点在反意问句中 最为明显。
let's go swimming, shall we?
咱们去游泳吧,怎么样?
let us go swimming, will you?
让我们去游泳吧,行吗?(征求对方意见)
(2)否定形式:
①let (us, me)+not+动词原形
②don't let+第三人称宾格或名词+动词原形
let's not wait for her.
咱们别等她了。
let's not waste time.
我们不要浪费时间了。
let me not stay alone here,please.
请不让我一个人留在这。
don't let them go!
别让他们走!
don't let him stand there.
别让他站在那里。
don't let the dog bark over there.
别让狗在那边叫了。
注意:
1.“回答let's...的反意疑问句时,肯定用“yes, let's.” ,否定时用“no, let's not.”。
let's play football, shall we?
yes, let's/no, let's not.
咱们踢一会儿球,怎么样?
好吧,踢一会儿。/不,别踢了。
2.祈使句与条件句的转换
祈使句相当于一个if引导的条件状语从句。
祈使句:work hard and you'll be successful.
条件句:if you work hard, you'll be successful.
如果你努力干,你会成功的。
四、感叹句
感叹句用于表示喜悦、惊讶和气愤等情绪,带有强烈的感情色彩。感叹句有两种:
1what+名词(或词组)
这类句子结构常为:what(a/an)+形容词+名词+主语+谓语!主语谓语常在口语中省略。
what a fine day it is!
多好的天呀!
what a pretty girl you have!
你有多么漂亮的一个姑娘啊!
what diligent students they are!
他们是多么用功的学生啊!
感叹句用法口诀 感叹句,并不难,what或how放句前, 强调部分要弄清,它在叹词“啊”字前。强调名词用 what,其余用how很简单。为了简洁而明快,主谓省去也常见。
2how+形容词或副词
这类句子结构常为:how+形/副词+名词 +谓语!主语谓语有时也被省略。
how clever your son is!
你儿子多聪明啊!
how beautiful your car is!
你的车真漂亮!
how fast she drives!
她开车多快啊!
how tall you have grown!
你长得真高呀!
how well he dances!
他跳得多好啊!
how还可以修饰动词,表示强烈感情。
how i want to be a pilot!
我多么想当一个飞机驾驶员啊!
how she was astonished at his words.
对他的话她感到多么惊讶!
how they are amused at the performance!
他们看这场演出多高兴啊!
注意:what和how引导的两种感叹句,在口语中常把后一部分即陈述 部分省略。例如:
how fast! 真快!
how crowded! 太挤了!
what heavy traffic! 交通多么拥挤!
what an honest man! 多么诚实的人!
区别:感叹句与特殊问句的区别
它们的主要区别是:感叹句之后为陈述语序,而特殊问句的语序要颠倒成为疑问语序。
感叹句:how far it is! (陈述语序)真远啊!
特殊问句:how far is it? (疑问语序)有多远?
感叹句:how busy you are! (陈述语序)你多么忙啊!
特殊问句:how busy are you?(疑问语序)你有多忙?
3特殊结构的感叹句
(1)that引导的从句(常省略主句),表示愿望、感叹:
that he should do such a thing!
真想不到他竟会干出这种事情来!
oh, that i should live to see this.
真没想到我会碰上这样的事。
that you, too, should turn against me!
真没想到,你也反对我。
to think that he could be so ungrateful!
真没想到他竟会如此忘恩负义!
(2)if引导的从句,表示和事实相反的愿望。(用过去时态的虚拟语气)
if i were with you now!(与现在相反)
要是现在我跟你在一起多好啊!
if it were sunny now! (与现在相反)
要是现在阳光明媚多好啊!
if i had been warned! (与过去相反)
要是有人及早提醒我多好啊!
if i had taken your advice! (与过去相反)
要是我采纳你的建议就好了!
③另外一些表示情绪的单词或词组,也可视为感叹句。
wonderful! 太好了。
amazing! 真了不起!(令人惊奇)
it's great! 太棒了!
oh dear!天哪